Historical Timeline of Mainit Surigao del Norte

Historical Timeline of Mainit Surigao del Norte

 Author: Zimmbodilion Yap Mosende

Version 1: December 2005
Version 2. June 2008
Version 3. August 2009
Version 4. November 2011
Version 5. June 2015
Version 6. June 2024

1600s
1600s
*Founding of Numancia (Patron Saint: Our Lady of Carmen) serving as the headquarters of Eastern Mindanao (3rd of 6 Mindanao districts) comprising the areas from Surigao to Mati. (15, 16) [1] [2]

1622
*Systematic evangelization of Provincia de Caraga – with 8 Recollects from Manila headed by Fray Miguel de Sta. Maria, OAR. From Tandag, they branched out to outstations in the district, namely, Butuan, Surigao, Dinagat, Gigacuit, Numancia, Cantilan, Lianga, and Bislig. (14, 15) [3] [1] 

1631
*Gigacuit mission station established. Mainit must have been part of this mission station. (16) [2]

1700s
1734
*Maps of Fr. Pedro Murillo Vellarde, SJ (1734) and Francisco Alegre (1751) in the book of Fray Combes (1667) mentioned the name Mainit. (16) [2]

*Map of  Fr. Pedro Murillo Vellarde, SJ indicates Mainit in the map and "Lagu d Sapongan". (32) [4]

1744
*The 1744 version of the Philippine Map by Fr. Pedro Murillo Velarde, SJ no longer indicate any name of the lake in Mainit nor the name "Mainit". (33) [5]

1748
*Fernando Valdes Tamon published the map "Insulae Philippinae ex Autographo Manilae". It indicates the name "Sapongan" at the bottom of the lake.  (34) [6]

1749
*Pueblo de Mainit was part of the 1749 census of Caraga as recorded in the Recoleto Archives in Marcilla, Spain. Population was 610 (seis-cientos diez almas). Gigacuit had 700, Surigao 500, and Dinagat 600. [2] (16 pages 251 & 258)

1752 (October to November)
*Burning of Mainit parish by the moros together with the other parishes of Caraga. (16) [2]

1758
*The Royal Cedula of 1758. In 1758, King Ferdinand VI of Spain issued the Royal Cedula, which aimed to regulate various aspects of colonial governance and missionary work. The cedula addressed matters related to land distribution, encomiendas (land grants), and the collection of tribute from indigenous communities. The cedula system persisted for centuries, including the controversial cedula personal (residence certificate) that sparked the 1896 Philippine Revolution against Spanish rule.

It symbolized Spain’s control over the archipelago and the struggles faced by Filipinos during the colonial era. (29 page 43) [7]

 1760
* In the 760 Philippine Map by George M. Lowitz, Nuremberg "Carte Hydrographique & Chronographique des Ilses Philippines", the lake in Mainit was labeled "Lag de Sapongan". (35) [8]

1769
*The 1769 Philippine Map by Thomas Kitchin, London. "A New Map of the Philippines Islands, drawn from the best authorities" has the label "Mainit" near the lake. (36) [9]

1778
*The 1778 Philippine Map by R. Sayer and J. Bennett, London. "A chart of the China Sea and the Philippine Islands with the archipelagos of Felicia and Soloo" has the label "Sapongan" below the lake (no Mainit is written). (37) [10]

1785
* The 1785 Philippine Map by Antonio Zatta, Venice. "Isole Filippine" has the label "L dd Sapongan" on the lake with the label "Mainit" on its left. (38) [11]

1786
*The1786 Philippine Map by Jean Baptiste B. D'Anville, Paris. "Seconde Partie de la Carte D'Asie" has the label "Sapongan" below the lake (no Mainit is written).(39) [12]

1797
* The Parish of Butuan includes the barrios of  Jabonga, Tubay, Mainit, Talacogon, Linao and Gingoog. While the Parish of Surigao covers Taganaan, Gigaquit, Cabongbongan (present day Bacuag), Dinagat, Cacub, Sapao,  and Cabuntog. (16) [2]

1800s
1850
* Founding of the town of Placer by Captain Felipe Custodio together with Capitan Luis Patiño. The present-day municipalities of Mainit, Tagana-an, Tubod and Alegria were part of Placer. 20 [13]

1853
*Capitan Saturnino Libarnes reported from Mainit to Manila "Provincia de Caraga Ano de 1853 Pueblo de Maynit, Cuenta comunal que presenta el Gobllo del espresado ano." I guess this is an annual report submitted by the Pueblos on the products and taxes collected for the year. 31 [14]

 *It also contains original signatures of two more main signatories "principales y cavesas" - Selverio Muparce (probably Mupas) and Anastacio Libarnes. 31 [14]

 

Signed in the presence of ("firmanos el presencia de 31 de Deciembre de 1853"): Fernando Mongado, Minero Montaner, Maurecio Mosende, Domingo Mosende, Geraldo Galve, Damaro Molita, Doroteo Jolvisano (probably Julvesano), Arancio Libarnes, Antonio Mosende, Fermin Cepeda, Romualdo Mosende, Vidal Murcilla, and Francisco Mohar (Probably Mojar or Mozar). 31 [14]

1860
*Mainit must have been under the Parish of Placer where the following were the Parish Priests: Fr. Antonio Franuto, SJ and Fr. Ronaldo Sanchez, AOR. (16, 20) [2] [13]

 1862
* On 10 February 1862, the Recoletos officially turned over the Parish of Mainit to the Jesuits. In exchange to Maint, the Recoletos were given the Parish of Antipolo, the richest parish in the country at that time (16, page 292) [2]

 1863 June 3 
*Strong earthquake toppled two-thirds of buildings of Manila. (29 page 96 Carta #21) [7]

1864
*The Royal Order of 1864 abrogating that of 1860 and the Royal Cedula of 1758 oblige residents of the resettlements 10 years after their resettlement. Cancelling the tribute affected the Royal Treasury. (29, page 43) [7]

1871
*Arrival of the first Jesuit of the Restored Society of Jesus (SJ) in Surigao, Fr. Francisco Javier Martin Luengo, SJ. (16, page 324) [2]

1873
*12 April 1873, the parish of Gigaquit has Fr. Juan Sansa, SJ installed as as successor of the last Recoleto Priest, Fray Juan Pablo Ruiz. The parish of Gigaquit covers the barrios of Placer, Bacuag, and Taganito. Claver did not exist yet. On this same year, it was decided that eventually Placer will be separated as parish as as a priest would be available to staff it. (16, page 332) [2]

1875-1887
*Fr. Jaime Plana, SJ, born 5 November 1840, came to the Philippines in 1875 and "assigned immediately to Mainit, Agusan, and because of him, the nomadic Mamanuas were resettled in permanent settlements". He was moved and assigned to Taganaan and Placer from 1877 to 1881 and re-assigned to Mainit from 1881 until 1887. He died in Butuan on 1 August 1887. He was regarded as the "First Missionary Apostle of the Mamanuas". (28 pp156, Carta #34) [15]

1875
*Fr Jaime Plana, SJ worked with the Mamanwas in Surigao even serving as a nurse and physician during the typhoid epidemic (12) [7]

1875 November
*Fr. Urios, SJ writes from Mainit about his recent travels in Agusan and Surigao. (29 page 1) [7]

1876 March
*Hurricane hit Jabonga and Mainit. (29 pp 56, Carta #15, Fr. Chambo, SJ) [7]

1878 May 6
*Fr. Antonio Chambo wrote to the Mission Superior from Jabonga. He reported that both Jabonga and Mainit did not have a “house of God” because it was destroyed by a hurricane (29 page 56, Carta #15, Fr. Chambo, SJ). [7]

1876
*"In Mainit, they also had to build house and form a village for it was looking like a field. There was an effort to build at least provisional houses, to draw them away from their fields. With much work, result was finally effected. More than 100 families now reside in the village. (29 pp 56, Carta #15, Fr. Chambo, SJ) [7]

 1876 November 8 
*The hurricane of 1876 prompted the transfer of the residents of Jabonga to a "healthier spot and a better condition for the inhabitants to live in safety". (29 page 56, Carta #15, Fr. Chambo, SJ) [7]

1888 June
*Mainit had a newly-erected parish (28 page 392, Carta #104, Fr Urios) [15]

1878 January
*Fr. Antonio Chambo, SJ wrote from Mainit and reported that the provisional convento of Jabonga was finished. He has led collection of "unnumbered Narra, Molave, and Mancono pieces for the construction of the new church". He also wrote his observations on the construction of the Mainit church, “These Mainitans are those who give me more suffering with their proverbial apathy and sloth. Since no volunteers came to the place of work, I have tried today to oblige them, warning that each week, 12 men will be assigned to work. Let us see if they cooperate”. He further reported that the road from Mainit to Surigao was started. (29 pp 48 Carta #11) [7]

1878 May
*Fr. Antonio Chambo, SJ wrote from Jabonga. The hurricane of May 1876 prompted the residents of Jabonga to transfer the pobacion to a healthier spot – a sufficiently flat place on the same bar of the lake. (29, page 56) [7]

*In Mainit, they had to build houses and form a village. More than 100families now reside in the village. 29 pp 56 This must be the transfer date from Daang Lungsod to the current loction of the Poblacion. [7]

*House of God in Mainit was destroyed by a hurricane. 12 men each week worked on the church. Every Monday they came together to help in hauling lumber and erecting posts. (29 pp 56) [7]I remember Lola Tisay telling us about their grandfathers – including Hilario Mangado – carrying toog, magkono and large wooden posts from the lake to the constructionsite of the church. 30 [14]

1878 May
*Fr. Chambo, SJ described the abundance of Magcono from Surigao to Butuan. Other hardwoods were also listed including tiga (probably Tugas), Narra, and Molave. He also described the abundance of gold and the presence of hot springs with exceptional phenomenon of petrifying anything within minutes of submersion. (29 p 56) [7]

1879
*Fr. Gabino Mujica wrote from Mainit about Cabadbaran. (16) [2]

1879 February
* Fr. Saturnino Urios was sent to the Agusan Missions. He noted that he included Mainit-Jabonga as his residence. (16) [2] [15]

1879 March
*Mainit, through Fr. Urios, SJ, helped typhoon-ravaged Butuan by sending relief goods particularly rice. Fr. Urios haggled it for free from the gobernadorcillos. (28, page 41) [15]

1879 July
*Repeated earthquake devastated Caraga including Mainit. Church of Surigao with iron roof was broken and threatening to collapse. (28, page 90) [15]

1879
*Patiño – a Spanish warship from Jolo arrived in Surigao (28 pp 392) [15]

1879 July 1
*Strong earthquake in Surigao – similar to the intensity of the 3 June 1863 earthquake of Manila which toppled two-thirds of buildings of Manila. (29 page 96 Carta #21) [7]

*Fr. Chambo, SJ was missionary in Mainit. He reported about the earthquake and described “the lake was stirred-up and many cracks appeared on the shore. They heard stones rolling down and many trees falling which caused a tremendous uproar”. (29 pp 97) [15]

1879 July 13
*Fr. Chambo, SJ wrote to the Mission Superior from Mainit. He described that “the land cracked in certain spots more than four varas and leaving deep holes. In others one vara.” He added that one of the points of the lake closest to the village has completely disappeared and when there was once a nice beach for fishing, it was now as deep as the center of the lake” (29, age 102 Carta #23) [7]

1879 Oct 11
*Fr. Juan Casellas, SJ and Fr. Antonio Chambo, sJ were preaching a holy mission in Mainit (beginning of their mission). Convent of Tubay being constructed. Convent of Jabonga was constructed earlier. (28 page 74) (29 page 111-112) [15] [7]

1879 October 19
*Fr. Gabino Mujica, SJ reported about the violent storm. He wrote “One could hear the frightful roar of the lake like a desperate hungry beast moving about for its prey.” (29 pp 112) [7]

1879 November 22
*Fr. Gabino Mujica, SJ writes to his superiors from Mainit (29 pp 112) [7]

1881
*Fr. Urios, SJ described that people from Mainit to Batuto (currently Surigao Sur) were easily slighted to kill when provoked. (28 page 121) [15]

1881
*Fr. Jaime Plana, SJ was assigned in Mainit (28 page 157) [15]

1882 December 30
*Strong Typhoon hit Mainitn for 12 hours. The provincial church fell down. (29 pp 195) [7]

1883 January 3
*Fr. Plana, SJ wrote from Jabonga about the 30 Dec 1882 storm that hit Mainit. (29 pp 195) [7]

1883 April
*Jesuits reported a hurricane hit Surigao (Taganaan) on 24-25 April 1883 )29 pp 206) [7]

1884 January-February
*Cholera epidemic in Surigao, Placer, Taganaan, Higakit, Cantillan, Tubay and Butuan. Not yet in Mainit (28, page 254 Carta #64) [15]

1884 October 12
*Fr. Jaime Plana, SJ, writes from Mainit. He baptized 19 Mamanwas from the tall mountain peaks of Mainit (Cantugas?). Among them was one Halingal (Hulingab), the Mamanwa famous as the most elusive. (28, page 287) (29, page 265) [15] [7]

1884 November 8
*Fr. Jaime Plana, SJ writes from Mainit. He supervised the construction of churches in Mainit and Jabonga. The chief carpenter was from Bohol. He described the "Mamanua Settlement" the Jesuits started. (28 page 271) (29 pp 257) [15] [7]

1885 January
*Bro. Salvador Valdeperas, SJ supervised volunteer workers called Polistas (Polo) in constructing the Mainit Church. Polo (also known as hongos) obliges all healthy males 18-60 years old to serve for public works (polo) for 40 days. (28, page 309 Carta #81) [15]

1885 July
*The people of Mainit were finishing the roof of their big, spacious, and well-built church (28, page 321 Carta #85) [15]

1885 December
*Fr. Jaime Plana, SJ opened a road from Mainit to the marker of Surigao. One need not ascend mountains or cross rivers. One can travel all the way to either on foot or on horseback. (28, page 345) [15]

1885
*Last Recoleto Parish, Tandag, was handed over to the Jesuits. Schreurs noted that the Parish of Mainit-Jabonga was already established. (16) [2]

1886 January
*New village of Mamanuas baptized, inside the boundary of Mainit near the Lake, at the mount of Dayag River (likely this is the present day Suba nan Mayag). (28, page 345) [15]

1886 September
*Fr. Urios, SJ in Tubay returned to Surigao from Butuan via Mainit. (28, page 361) [15]

1887 May 16
*Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez writes from Surigao. He reported flora and fauna in the Caraga including the following small animals: 

*Mago (tarsius-genus order prosimian family tarsidi). (29, page 367) [7]

*Kaguang or Kago, also known as Koabnit, (prosimian dertropteri genus – galeopithecus catmonkey) (29, page 367) [7]

*Milo or Katujo or Singalong in Tagalog – smaller than domestic cat (order-carnovpres family viverridi genus-Parasoxuras p.prehemilis) (29, page 368) [7]

*Fr. Sanchez SJ also reported the following birds: Gitgit or small sparrow, Banog or the common sparrow hawk, Siwit of family melifagidi, Kayangag of Psittacus marginatus, Alimokon or Columba cruenta and Tikling or landrail. (29, page 371) [7]

1887 October
*Fr. Urios, SJ reported that the Agusan Mission (which includes Mainit) was tranquil and enjoying peace. Upsets, contradiction, and bitterness disappeared. (28, page 381) [15]
*Fr. Urios, SJ reported “smallpox its ire in Mainit, killing many of all ages.” While in Cabadbaran and Jabonga, the town looked like a provincial hospital, victimized populace with malaria, typhoid, nerve irritation, and infectious fever. (28, page 381) [15]

1887
*Map in Combes, 1667 titled “Isla de Mindanao” indicates Surigao and Monte Diwata but no reference on Mainit. (19) [16]

1889: the cabeza de barangay system was approved to modernize the traditional system of collecting the cedulas (26 page 145) [17]

1888
Fr. Urios, SJ reported that he took Mainit mission in 1875. (28 page 256, 386-397) [15]

1889 Aug
Fr. Nicolas Falomir, SJ was the missionary in Mainit. Cholera was ravaging Taganaa, Placer, and Higakit, but not yet in Mainit. (28 page 477-479) [15]

1890
* Population of Mainit: 1,670. Other areas with population figures: Surigao, Anao-aon, Dinagat, Nonoc, Loreto, Libjo, and Cagdianao. (16 page 424) [2]

1890 May
*Fr. Guillermo Llobera, SJ was the new missionary of Jabonga and Mainit. Fr. Urios, SJ passed by in Mainit and Jabonga for 8 days and preached there. (28 page 531) [15]

1891 March 24
*Fr. Llobera, SJ reported flooding of Lake Mainit of about 4 meters. “This has not occurred since the foundation of the otwn. Church still unfinished – had not roofed the church with zinc they had”. (28 page 604) [15]

1894
*Map of Surigao in Combes, 1667 indicates Taganaan, Anao-aon, Gigacuit, Mainit, Jabonga, and Tubay. (19) [16]

1894
*Publication of Mindanao: Su Historia y Geografía. by José Nieto Aguilar indicating that Lake Mainit is Laguna de Sapongan. (25) [18]

1899
*The 1899 Philippine Map by Fr. Jose P. Algue, SJ and the US Coast and Geodetic Survey, Washington DC "Islas Filipinas - Mapa General Observatorio de Manila" has the label "L. Mainit" or Lake Mainit. The label "Jabonga" is below it. (40) [19]

1900s
*During American occupation, Mainit became a barrio of the municipality of Placer (15) [1]

1901(February 11)
* Fr. Llobera and Fr. Saturnino Urios were tasked to convince the remaining guerilla forces in San Mateo and the Mainit-Jabonga areas to surrender. (16) [2]

1901 (April 15)
*Guerilla leaders who surrendered from Mainit: General Daniel Toribio Sison, Comandante Mordeno, Captain Custudio, and Captain Mosende. Total surrendered: 70. (16) [2]

1901 (May 24)
* Americans were reported to have burned 33 houses in search of General Daniel and his men. A typhoid epidemic erupted with around 400 dead. Fr. Urios described the village to be like an “open-air hospital”. (16 page 459) [2]

1901
*The group of rebels who never surrendered created a Para Christian movement called the “coluroms”. (16 page 460) [2]

The coluroms also led the Cedula tearing. (23) [20]

1903 (16 May)
* Americans were engaged in Tubay, Santiago, Jabonga, Mainit, Placer, and Bacuag in an intensive hunt for a band of rebels under the command of Adriano Concepcion. Lantayog Rosales, a Mainitnon, was said to be among Concepcion’s men. (16, page 486) [2]

1903
*First Mainitnons sent to Silliman University: Gaudencio Beltran and __ Lascay (Matin-ao) (23) [20]

 1908

*The 1908 Philippine Map by Caspar Hodgson, Baltimore, MD. "Map of the Philippine Islands" has the label "Mainit Lake". (41) [21]

1926
*The parish of San Nicolas de Tolentino of Mainit, Surigao del Norte was founded on 26 October 1926 by the Missionary of the Sacred Heart (MSC) priests which covered the areas of Mainit, Tubod, Alegria and Placer. The pioneering priests assigned in Mainit were Fr. Adriano Muskens and Fr. Nicolas de Lepper (1926-1927) [22]

1927
*1927-1935 - Fr. Gerard Blewanus, MSC. Parish Priest of San Nicolas de Tolentino of Mainit, Surigao del Norte [22]

1928
*Establishment of United Evangelical Church in Mainit. This is the present-day UCCP. (23) [20]

1928
*Sr. Ceferino Lozada, adopted son of Mainit, became president of Placer with 3 other councilors. Among them were Mainit locals: Juan Moselina as vice presidente and Antonio Grecia Mozar as councilor. (15, 22) [1] [23]

1931
*Establishment of the Municipality of Mainit (spearheaded by Sr. Ceferino Lozada) by virtue of the Executive Order 290 dated December 27, 1930 (Effectively 1 January 1931). The EO was signed by Governor General Dwight Davies. Antonio Mozar was appointed the first Presidente and Vedasto Mosende as Vice Presidente. (15, 22) [1] [23]

*Siana gold mining boomed. (15) [1]

1933
*The 1933 Philippine Map by the US Coast and Geodetic Survey, Washington DC. "Philippines Islands" has the labell "L. Mainit" on the lake. (42) [24]

1934-1937
* Appointment of Mayor Gaudencio S. Beltran (22) [22] [23]

1935
*1935-1936 - Fr. Adrian Steiger, MSC. Parish Priest of San Nicolas de Tolentino of Mainit, Surigao del Norte [22]

1936
*1936-1940 - Fr. Antonio Bodden, MSC. Parish Priest of San Nicolas de Tolentino of Mainit, Surigao del Norte. Surigao became a Diocese. [22]

1937-1940
* Appointment of Mayor Baldomero S. Reyes (22) [23]

Late 1930s
*Father of the town – Sr. Ceferino Lozada died in the hands of the “colorums” – the followers of Lt. Francisco Canuto popularly known as “Tahid” (15) [1] Probably by Simoy Cabahug. (23) [22]

1940
*Establishment of the United Church of Christ in the Philippines (UCCP) in Mainit (23) [20]

*1940-1945 - Fr. Alex Smulders, MSC. Parish Priest of San Nicolas de Tolentino of Mainit, Surigao del Norte. [22]

1940 -1942
* Appointment of Mayor - Ceferino P. Lozada (22) [22]

1944 (3 months)
* Appointment of Mayor David M. Montaner [22]

1945 (2 months)
* Appointment of Mayor Tomas de la Costa [23]

* 1945-1946 - Fr. Venancio Portillo, MSC, with Fr. Atanacio de Castro, MSC. Parish Priest of San Nicolas de Tolentino of Mainit, Surigao del Norte. [22]

1946
* 1946-1948 - Fr. Francisco van den Borght, MSC. Parish Priest of San Nicolas de Tolentino of Mainit, Surigao del Norte. [22]

1946-1951
*Appointment of Mayor Agapito Montaner [23]

1948
*1948-1954 - Fr. Antonio Bodden, MSC (second assignment). Parish Priest of San Nicolas de Tolentino of Mainit, Surigao del Norte. [22]

1950 onwards

1952-1967
*Election of Mayor Jose Mondano (22) [23]
*Succeeded by Mayor Yolanda Mondano upon the untimely death of Mayor Jose Mondano (21, 22) [25] [23]

1954
*1954-1959 - Fr. Albert Grol, MSC. Parish Priest of San Nicolas de Tolentino of Mainit, Surigao del Norte. [22]

1959
*1959-1960 - Fr. John van Roon, MSC. Parish Priest of San Nicolas de Tolentino of Mainit, Surigao del Norte. [22]

 
1960
* 1960-1963 - Fr. Eugene van Vought, MSC. Parish Priest of San Nicolas de Tolentino of Mainit, Surigao del Norte. [22]

1963
*1963-1967 - Fr. Jose Sanchez, DCS (First Filipino Parish Priest to be assigned in Mainit) with Fr. Enrique Cuison, DCS. [22]

1964
*Typhoon INING (Louise) devastated Surigao including Mainit on November 15-20, 1964 at 240 kph. It was the 3rd WORST TYPHOON OF MINDANAO from 1947 – 2002. (20, 21 page 4) [13] [25]

1965
*Foundation of Matin-ao High School. June 19, 1965. [20]
*San Nicolas Academy was founded in 1965 [20]

1967
*1967-1968 - Fr. Apolinario Olvis, DCS. Parish Priest of San Nicolas de Tolentino of Mainit, Surigao del Norte. [22]

1968
*1968-1971 - Fr. Jose Falcon, DCS. Parish Priest of San Nicolas de Tolentino of Mainit, Surigao del Norte. [22]

1970-1980
*Election of Mayor Cain Behagan. (21, 22) [23]

1971
*1971-1975 - Fr. William van Ameijde, MSC. Parish Priest of San Nicolas de Tolentino of Mainit, Surigao del Norte. [22]

1976
* 1976-1995 - Fr. Peter Rosenhart, MSC. Parish Priest of San Nicolas de Tolentino of Mainit, Surigao del Norte. The longest parish priest to be assigned in Mainit, 19 years. [22]

1981-1986
*Election of Mayor Robuam Reliquette. (21, 22) [25] [23]

1984 - Aug 31-Sep 4
*Devastation of Super Typhoon NITANG (Ike), WORST TYPHOON OF MINDANAO (1947 - 2002) on August 31-September 4, 1984 at the highest speed of 220 kph. Estimated deaths nationwide was 1,363 to 3,000. The Mainit Parish Church, together with major establishments, was downed by the typhoon. (21, 24) [25] [26]

1985 (1988) March 8
*Burning of the Mainit municipio by the NPA. [25]

1986
*Appointment of OIC Mayors Hilario Mosende, Robuam Reliquette, and Felix Mosende. (21, 22) [25] [23]

1987
*Election of Mayor Sarah Behagan. (21, 22) [25] [23]

1990 November 10-14
* Devastation of Super Typhoon Ruping (Mike) – Second WORST TYPHOON OF MINDANAO (1947 - 2002) on Nov 10-14 1990 at the highest speed of 220 kph. Estimated deaths nationwide was 748. (21, 24) [25] [26]

1992 – 2000 (?)
*Election of Mayor Ramon Mondano. (21) [25]

1995
*1995-1999 - Fr. Nicasio Gran, MSC, with Fr. Lauro Mozo, MSC. Parish Priest of San Nicolas de Tolentino of Mainit, Surigao del Norte. [22]

2000s

2000
*2000-2004. Election of Mayor Rogelio Gatpolintan. 21 [25]
*2000-2007 - Fr. Roman Alaan, MSC, with Fr. Gabby Galido, MSC and Fr. Martini Ladao, MSC. Parish Priest of San Nicolas de Tolentino of Mainit, Surigao del Norte. [22]

2007
*2007 May -2010. Re-election of Mayor Ramon Mondano and election of Vice Mayor Jessnar Mosende [25]
*2007-2012 - Fr. Rey Maldo, MSC with Fr. Romy Beroy, MSC. Parish Priest of San Nicolas de Tolentino of Mainit, Surigao del Norte. [22]

2010 May
*Re-election of Mayor Ramon Mondano and election of Vice Mayor Roger Gatpolintan [25]

2012
*2012 - Fr. Alvin Lao, MSC [25] [23]

2022
*Re-election of Mayor Crisanta Mondano [25]

Bibliography

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 ===

Original Listing of References:

1. http://www.explore-places.com/philippines/M/Mainit%2C_Surigao_del_Norte.html
2. www.explore-biography.com/biographies/C/Caraga.html
3. http://www.explore-places.com/philippines/S/Surigao_del_Norte.html
4. http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Caraga
5. http://www.surigao-city.de/beyond.html
6. http://home.online.no/~erfalch/surigaodelnortea.htm
7. http://www.lakbay.net/traveltales/tales93.asp
8. http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Cyprus/8446/sdnmuni.html (Rubelyn Yap - Lake Mainit : A Closer Look)
9. http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Cyprus/8446/mainit.html
10. http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Cyprus/8446/placer.html
11. http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Cyprus/8446/gigaquit.html
12. http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Cyprus/8446/
13. Microsoft ® Encarta ® Premium Suite 2005. © 1993-2004 Microsoft Corporation.
14. http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Cyprus/8446/caragajoe.html
15. http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Cyprus/8446/timeline.html
16. Schreurs, Peter. 2000. Caraga Antigua, 1521-1910: The Hispanization and Christianization of Agusan, Surigao, and East Davao. National Historical Institute.
17. Amalla, Joesilo C., 2003. Online. CARAGA: Regio de Gente Animosa
18. Kasaysayan Vol. 10. The Story of the Filipino People. Readers Digest
19. Combes, P. Francisco. 1897. Historia de Mindanao Y Jolo (originally published in 1667).
20. http://www.caraga13.gov.ph/placer
21. Mosende, Zimmbodilion. 1986-2004. Interviews with Vedasto Mosende (1886-1993), Hilario Mosende (1942-2008), and Florita Mosende (1927- ).
22. Labrador-Resullar, Magelle. 2002. My Mainit, Know you Story.
23. Mosende Zimmbodilion. 2008. Interview with Rev. Stenio Labrador.
24. http://www.typhoon2000.ph/stats/WorstMindanaoTyphoons.htm (accessed 16 June 2008)
25. Aguilar, José Nieto. 1894. Mindanao: Su Historia y Geografía. http://www.gutenberg.org/files/15334/15334-h/15334-h.htm (accessed 17 June 2008)
26. Arcilla SJ, Jose S., 2000. “RE-EVALUATING SPAIN’S PHILIPPINE COLONIAL POLICY”. Loyola Schools Review Vol. VI
27. Arcilla SJ, Jose S., 1990. “Jesuit Missionary Letters from Mindanao”. Vol. I: The Rio Grande Mission
28. Arcilla SJ, Jose S., 1990. “Jesuit Missionary Letters from Mindanao”. Vol. VI: The Agusan Mission
29. Arcilla SJ, Jose S., 1990. “Jesuit Missionary Letters from Mindanao”. Vol. V: The Surigao Mission
30. Mosende, Zimmbodilion, 2005-2011. Personal notes.
31. Jun 26, 2008, Mainit Parish Souvenir Program (2007)

32. 1734 Philippine Map by Fr. Pedro Murillo Velarde, SJ., Manila. "Carta Hydrographica Y Chronographica de las Yslas Filipinas".

33. 1744 Philippine Map by Fr. Pedro Murillo Velarde, SJ., Manila. Smaller and updated version of "Carta Hydrographica Y Chronographica de las Yslas Filipinas", signed by engraver Nicholas dela Cruz Bagay.

34. 1748 Philippines Map by Fernando Valdes Tamon. Vienna. "Insulae Philippinae ex Autographo Manilae"

35. 1760 Philippine Map by George M. Lowitz, Nuremberg. "Carte Hydrographique & Chronographique des Ilses Philippines".

36. 1769 Philippine Map by Thomas Kitchin, London. "A New Map of the Philippines Islands, drawn from the best authorities.".

37. 1778 Philippine Map by R. Sayer and J. Bennett, London. "A chart of the China Sea and the Philippine Islands with the archipelagos of Felicia and Soloo".

38. 1785 Philippine Map by Antonio Zatta, Venice. "Isole Filippine".

39. 1786 Philippine Map by Jean Baptiste B. D'Anville, Paris. "Seconde Partie de la Carte D'Asie".

40. 1899 Philippine Map by Fr. Jose P. Algue, SJ and the US Coast and Geodetic Survey, Washington DC "Islas Filipinas - Mapa General Observatorio de Manila"

41. 1908 Philippine Map by Caspar Hodgson, Baltimore, MD. "Map of the Philippine Islands"

42. 1933 Philippine Map by the US Coast and Geodetic Survey, Washington DC. "Philippines Islands"